[Evaluation of demographic and behavioral characteristics of patients using non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory and combinatory drugs related with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding]

Background and Aim: Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] is the second most common cause of peptic-ulcer and a common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding [UGIB]. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and behavioral characteristics of the hospitalized patients with UGIB who had been using NSAIDs, in Tohid hospital in Sanandaj, in Iran

Material and Method: This descriptive, analytical study, included patients hospitalized in gastroenterology ward of Tohid Hospital due to UGIB and with history of using NSAIDs and related compounds [from February 2015 to February 2016]. We used a questionnaire to record demographic, social, cultural and clinical characteristics of the subjects. Endoscopy was performed to determine causes of UGIB. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software

Results: 60 patients were men [58.3%] and 43 were women [41.7%] with the mean age of 52.85+/-20.03. 8.4% of subjects had a family history of peptic ulcers in their first degree relatives, 26.9% and 6.8% had history of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages respectively. 53.3% of the subjects had history of underlying disease of which chronic heart disease was the most frequent disorder [36%]. The most frequent drugs used by the patients were aspirin and ibuprofen [58.3% and 42.7%, respectively]. UGIB associated with aspirin use was more prevalent among the men than women. The main cause of bleeding [67%] was ulcer .There were no significant differences between causes of bleeding and use of NSAIDs, gender, age and age range of the patients. Also there was no significant difference in the mean age between both sexes [P> 0.5]

Conclusion: Considering the role of NSAIDs in UGIB, provision of necessary training for the correct use of NSAIDs [according to indications] and measures to eradicate H.Pylori infection will result in significant decrease in morbidity and mortality from UGIB in these patients

[Antibacterial effect of essential oil of mastic resin on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes]

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes can produce food poisoning and gastro enteritis in human beings. Alcoholic Essential oil of Bene tree exudates or wild pistachio [Pistacia atlantica subsp.Kurdica] has known antimicrobial activity against most microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Bene tree essential oil exudates. In this study, antibacterial effects of alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree exudates on Staphylococcus aureus [PTCC 1431], Escherichia coli [PTCC 1338] and Clostridium sporogenes [PTCC 1651] were examined three times, by filter paper disc diffusion method, broth dilution method, determination of minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] and minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC]. For data analysis we used SPSS software and t-test. On the basis of statistical results, inhibition zones of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, each with concentration of 50mg/ml and Clostridium sporogenes with concentration of 120 mg/ml bacteria were 13.14 +/- 0.32, 11.16 +/- 0.4 and 8.8 +/- 0.3 respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive and Clostridium sporogenes was the most resistant bacteria to essential oil of Bene. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 80, 5.5 and 0.6 mg/ml respectively and respective minimal bactericidal concentrations for Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were determined 120, 80 and 20 mg/ml. Alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree exudates exhibited not only inhibitory effect but also antibacterial effects on the Staphylococcus aureus [PTCC 1431], Escherichia coli [PTCC 1338] and Clostridium sporogenes [PTCC 1651]. Considering the organoleptic effects of alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree, it can be used as a preservative

[ effect of nicorandil and glibenclamide on morphine-induced tolerance to the analgesic effect]

Long-term use of opiates induces tolerance to the analgesic effect. Despite significant investigations, the precise cellular mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance is not clear. Many studies have revealed the key role of nitric oxide in the morphin-induced tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nicorandil [a nitric oxide donor and ATP sensitive potassium channel opener] and glibenclamide [an ATP sensitive potassium channel blocker] on morphine-induced tolerance. In this study male mice weighting [20-30g] were randomly placed into groups of 8, and received different therapeutic regimens for 5 days. Different groups received either morphine [50mg/kg, i.p]+normal saline [10ml/kg, i.p], or morphine [50mg/kg, i.p]+nicorandil [2.5, 5, 10mg/kg, i.p] or morphine [50mg/kg, i.p]+glibanclamide [5, 10, 15mg/kg, i.p] every day. Nociception was assessed using a hotplate apparatus on the 6th day. The nociceptive effect was recorded when the animal licked its hind paw or jumped due to the heat effect. Our results showed that tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine significantly increased in the group which received morphine+nicorandil [5, 10mg/kg, i.p], [p<0.05], while in morphine+glibenclamide group, tolerance significantly reduced [p<0.05]. The results of this study indicated that intraperitoneal injection of nicorandil increased tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine while glibenclamide decreased tolerance. The above effect seems to be related to the role of nitric oxide [NO] and ATPsensitive potassium channel in this phenomenon

[Investigation of the incidence rate of menstrual disorders in 17 and 18 year old high school female students in Sanandaj city in 2005]

Menstrual disorders cause a lot of problems for the women. Sometimes diagnosis and treatment of these problems seems very sophisticated. Early diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders together with its clinical complications, recognition of their underlying causes and their relation with one another, are essential for treatment of these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of menstrual disorders and some of its potential causes in 17 and 18 year old high school female students in Sanandaj in 2005. This was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study and included 511 high school female students at the age of 17 and 18 years. After obtaining primary information, in case of any menstrual disorder, the subjects were referred to a gynecologist for confirmation of the diagnosis. After confirmation of diagnosis sonographic and hormonal studies were performed. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and x[2] test. The incidence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 43.25%. Hypermenorrhea was the most and hypomenorrhea was the least common disorders [13.9% and 3.13% respectively]. Polymenorrhea was detected in 13.31% of the cases. The incidence rates of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome [PMS], and spotting were 78.1%, 72.4% and 8.2% respectively. Menstrual disorders and its symptoms showed no significant relationship with presence of any evidence of PCO in sonoghraphy [P>0.05]. High incidence of menstrual disorders in high school students should be taken into consideration and necessary instructions should be given to these students to decrease their stress. In case of persistence of the menstrual disorder, hormonal and sonographic examinations should be performed to detect the underlying cause of menstrual disorder

[Evaluation of the pre-emptive effect of acetaminophen codeine on the pain after liver biopsy]

Liver biopsy is one of the most important diagnostic procedures for liver diseases. Pain is the most common complication of liver biopsy and it can lead to clear morbidity. Finding a way to reduce pain of liver biopsy its complication is very important for investigators. There are limited studies on evaluation of pre-emptive effect of acetaminophen on liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to investigate pre-emptive effect of Acetaminophen codeine on the pain of liver biopsy during the first 24 hours after biopsy. This was a double blind randomized clinical trail study from Oct 2007 to Oct 2008 in gastroenterology and liver disease unit of Tohid hospital in Sanandaj. Sample size included all the patients who were candidate for liver biopsy. Forty four patients [23 in experimental group and 21 in placebo group] were enrolled into the study on the basis of randomized blocking method. Exclusion criteria included any contraindication for liver biopsy or need of penetration of needle for two or more times for biopsy. Visual analogue scale [VAS] was used to assess pain after liver biopsy, 0,1,3,6 and 24 hours after biopsy. This study was conducted after approval of Ethical review Committee of Kurdistan University of medical Sciences and obtaining the informed written consent from the patients. The patients received acetaminophen codeine or placebo one hour before biopsy. Data were analyzed by means of Chi square, t-test, analysis of variances, and nonparametric tests. The mean value of the pains intensity in zero, one, three, six, and twenty four hours after biopsy in experimental group was higher than that of placebo group but there was no significant differences between two groups [P>0.05]. Intensity of the pain after liver biopsy in females was higher than in males in the two groups but there was no significant differences between two groups [P>0.05]. Comparison of the results of the present study with those of other studies shows that acetaminophen codeine is not effective in reducing the pain of biopsy. Further clinical trail studies for determination of the effect of other analgesics drugs are recommended in the future

prevalence of high blood pressure in blood donors and the relevant factors in Sanandaj Blood Transfusion Center in 1384

High blood pressure is one of the causes of blood donor rejection; therefore, detection and treatment of the mild hypertension in donors have an important role in increasing the health level of blood donors and decreasing their hypertension-attributed mortality and morbidity rate and finally in preventing their rejection from blood donation. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 1854 donors of Kurdistan Blood Transfusion Center during a 6-month period. Blood pressure of donors is controlled by the physician two times with a 15-minute interval. Demographic data were collected through questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS and Chi-square test. 80.9% and 19.1% of the donor population were male and female respectively. Age average was 35.53 +/- 11.19 years. Averages of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 123.02 +/- 13.23 mmHg and 77.35 +/- 8.88 mmHg respectively. Isolated systolic hypertension was detected in 7.5% and isolated diastolic hypertension in 4.5% of blood donors. 3.4% had mild systolic and diastoic hypertension. There was a significant correlation between sex, age, education status, blood donation and systolic hypertension [p<0.05] and also between age, education status and diastolic hypertension [p<0.005] but there was no correlation between donation, sex and diastolic hypertension. There was a low prevalence rate of hypertension in blood donors; it can be attributed to blood donor population being young and middle aged, good attention in donor selection, and careful physical examination